Layer 2 networks and why fees got cheaper
Rollups bundle many transactions and settle them on Ethereum. A short guide to how they work and what to watch out for.
Ethereum can only process a limited number of transactions per block, so fees rise when demand is high. Layer 2 networks move most of the work off the main chain and post compressed results back to it.
Optimistic rollups assume transactions are valid unless someone proves otherwise within a challenge window. Zero-knowledge rollups attach a cryptographic proof that the batch is correct.
For users the main differences are fees, withdrawal times back to Ethereum, and how decentralized each network's operators currently are. Bridges between networks have been a frequent target of attacks, so use well-established ones.
Before moving funds, check that the wallet and the application you use support the specific network, and keep a little of its native token for fees.